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ISIS growing foothold in Afghanistan is captured on film.
Inside a counter-terrorism unit in Pakistan that s focused on tracking down Taliban suspects.
FRONTLINE correspondent Martin Smith reports from Iraq for the miscalculations and mistakes behind the brutal rise of ISIS.
The attacks, the groups, plus the response
Fifty-two American citizens were taken hostage when militant students of radical Islam stormed the Embassy in Tehran. 1 Shortly thereafter, President Jimmy Carter ordered an entire embargo of Iranian oil; stronger economic embargoes followed. On April 8, 1980, Carter severed diplomatic relations with Iran after negotiations with the hostages release failed.
Later that month, Carter authorized a top-secret mission, named Operation Eagle Claw, to free the hostages. Helicopters were to cart Delta Force commandos at a carrier inside Persian Gulf to some extent outside Tehran, where these folks were to spend the night time and begin the rescue the following morning. The complicated mission, which involved refueling the helicopters in a spot from the Iranian desert labeled Desert One, was aborted April 25 after three on the eight helicopters suffered mechanical failure. Eight servicemen were killed when one from the helicopters collided that has a refueling plane.
The hostages were finally released just hours after Ronald Reagans presidential inauguration on Jan. 20, 1981. They had spent 444 days in captivity.
When intelligence reports surfaced that Libyan leader Muammar el-Qaddafi had intends to assassinate American diplomats in Rome and Paris, President Reagan expelled all Libyan diplomats through the May 6, 1981 and closed Libyas diplomatic mission in Washington, Three months later, Reagan ordered Navy jets to shoot down Libyan fighters should they ventured inside the concepts known as the distinct death. This was the queue created by Qaddafi to demarcate Libyas territorial waters, that they said extended a lot more than 100 miles away from the countrys shoreline; the and also other maritime nations recognized Libyan territorial waters as extending only 12 miles from shore. As expected, the Libyan Air Force counter-attacked and Navy jets shot down two SU-22 warplanes about 60 miles from the Libyan coast.
Some alleged that this exaggerated the terrorist threat from Libya, simply because Libya was an uncomplicated target. The small country - - Libya is approximately one-fifth the physical size on the, and its particular entire population then was only 3 million roughly - - was but still is considered a small player within the Middle East without any steadfast allies. officials denied Libya was applied as a scapegoat, maintaining which it posed a credible terrorist threat against targets knowning that Libya had sufficient oil funds to mount a large attack on interests.
A suicide bomber in the pickup truck full of explosives rammed in the Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. Sixty-three everyone was killed, including 17 Americans, eight of whom were employees on the Central Intelligence Agency, including chief Middle East analyst Robert C. Ames and station chief Kenneth Haas.
Reagan administration officials said which the attack was completed by Hezbollah operatives, a Lebanese militant Islamic group whose sentiments were sparked partially by the revolution in Iran. The Hezbollah operatives who executed the attack around the embassy reportedly were receiving financial and logistical support from both Iran and Syria. For more how and why Iran and Syria were and helps to direct attacks within the, see FRONTLINEs interviews with Robert Oakley and Robert C. McFarlane.
The government took no military action reacting to the embassy bombing, although, based on retired Marine Lt. Col. Bill Cowan, a covert military team entered Beirut so as to gather intelligence when preparing for retaliatory strikes.
A suicide bomber detonated a truck brimming with explosives in a Marine barracks located at Beirut International Airport; 241 Marines were killed and in excess of 100 others wounded. They were section of a contingent of just one, 800 Marines that were sent to Lebanon as component of a multinational force to assist separate the warring Lebanese factions. Twice in the early 1980s the had deployed troops to Lebanon to handle the fall-out through the 1982 Israeli invasion. In the very first deployment, Marines helped oversee the peaceful withdrawal in the PLO from Beirut. In mid-September 1982 - - as soon as the troops had left - - Israels Lebanese allies massacred around 800 unarmed Palestinian civilians staying in refugee camps. Following this, 1, 800 Marines ended up being ordered back in Lebanon.
In his September 2001 FRONTLINE interview, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger said the still lacks actual expertise in who did the bombing from the Marine barracks. But it suspected Hezbollah, considered to be supported simply by Iran and Syria. Hezbollah denied its involvement.
The president assembled his national security team to devise an idea of military action. The planned target was the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, which housed Iranian Revolutionary Guards thought to be training Hezbollah fighters. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger aborted the mission, reportedly on account of his concerns who's would harm relations for some other Arab nations. Instead, President Reagan ordered the battleship USS New Jersey, stationed off of the coast of Lebanon, to your hills near Beirut. The move was known as largely ineffective.
Four months following the Marine barracks bombing, Marines were ordered to begin pulling out of Lebanon.
The American embassy in Kuwait was bombed inside a series of attacks whose targets also included the French embassy, the control tower for the airport, the countrys main oil refinery, and also a residential area for employees with the American corporation Raytheon. Six citizens were killed, including a suicide truck bomber, and over 80 others were injured. The suspects were considered to be members of Al Dawa, or The Call, an Iranian-backed group and one from the principal Shiite groups operating against Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
The military took no action in retaliation. In Kuwait, 17 citizens were arrested and convicted for participating from the attacks. One of these convicted was Mustafa Youssef Badreddin, a cousin and brother-in-law of merely one of Hezbollahs senior officers, Imad Mughniyah. After a six-week trial in Kuwait, Badreddin was sentenced to death for his role inside bombings.
Over the subsequent years, the arrest and imprisonment with the Kuwait 17 also called the Al Dawa 17, became one on the most consistent demands from the kidnappers of Western hostages in Lebanon and plane hijackers.
Ironically, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the Iraqis unwittingly released the imprisoned Badreddin and also the remaining members from the Kuwait 17. Press reports vary about Badreddins current whereabouts.
Buckley was the fourth person to get kidnapped by militant Islamic extremists in Lebanon. The first American hostage, American University of Beirut President David Dodge, was kidnapped in July 1982. Eventually, 30 Westerners will be kidnapped through the 10-year-long Lebanese hostage-taking crisis 1982-1992.
Americans who had been kidnapped included journalist Terry Anderson, American University of Beirut librarian Peter Kilburn, and Benjamin Weir, a Presbyterian minister. While some in the prisoners lived through captivity - - Anderson spent the longest time as being a hostage, 2, 454 days - - some, including Buckley, died in captivity or were killed by their kidnappers.
officials believed how the Iranian-backed Hezbollah was behind most in the kidnappings as well as the Reagan administration devised a covert plan. Iran was desperately running out of military supplies in the war with Iraq, but Congress had banned the sale of American arms to countries like Iran that sponsored terrorism. Reagan was advised that your bargain could possibly be struck - - secret arms sales to Iran, hostages back towards the The plan, if it was revealed to your public, was decried to be a failure and anathema to your policy of refusing to negotiate with terrorists.
In August 1985, the very first consignment of arms to Iran was sent - - 100 anti-tank missiles given by Israel; another 408 were sent these month. As a result with the deal, American hostage Benjamin Weir premiered from captivity; he have been imprisoned for 495 days. Only two other hostages were released to be a result with the arms-for-hostages deal: in July 1986, Martin Jenco, a Catholic priest, premiered; and also the administrator with the American University of Beiruts school of medicine, David Jacobson, was already released in November 1986.
Since the funds from your arms sales to Iran were secretly, and illegally, funneled to your -backed Contras fighting to overthrow the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, the infamous episode became referred to as the Iran-Contra affair. See the Final Report in the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters.
In Aukar, northeast of Beirut, a truck bomb exploded outside of the Embassy annex killing 24 people, 2 of whom were military personnel. According towards the State Departments 1999 directory terrorist organizations, factors of Hezbollah are known or suspected to obtain been involved from the bombing.
The mounted no military response for the embassy annex bombing, nonetheless it did start to explore covert operations in Lebanon. Investigative journalist Bob Woodward says the CIA trained foreign intelligence agents to do something as hit teams meant to destroy the terrorists operations. Ambassador Robert Oakley says the merely attempt to set up a protective unit, a Lebanese counterterrorist strike force.
President Reagan along with the CIA called off covert operations when Lebanese intelligence operatives - - some allegedly trained because of the - - trigger a car bomb on March 8, 1985, inside an attempted murder of Sheik Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, the Shiite Muslim cleric who some considered the spiritual leader of Hezbollah. Over 80 everyone was killed inside the attack near a Beirut mosque. Fadlallah survived.
Many blamed the CIA for your attack, saying it had directed the intelligence operatives to transport it out. Robert McFarlane, President Reagans national security adviser, says how the operatives who performed the attack on Fadlallah might have been trained from the, however the individuals who carried it were rogue operatives, along with the CIA for no reason sanctioned or supported the attack.
Kuwait Airways Flight 221, coming from Kuwait to Pakistan, was hijacked and diverted to Tehran. The hijackers demanded the release on the Kuwait 17. When the demand wasnt met, the hijackers killed two American officials through the Agency for International Development. On the sixth day with the drama, Iranian security forces stormed the plane and released the residual hostages.
Iran arrested the hijackers, saying they can be brought to trail. But the trial never happened, as well as the hijackers were in a position to leave the united states. There was no military response. The State Department announced a 250, 000 reward for information leading to your arrests of such involved within the hijacking. Later press reports linked Hezbollahs Imad Mughniyah to your hijackings.
TWA Flight 847 was hijacked en route from Athens to Rome and instructed to land in Beirut, Lebanon, the place that the hijackers held the plane for 17 days. They demanded the release with the Kuwait 17 as well as the making of 700 fellow Shiite Muslim prisoners kept in Israeli prisons along with prisons in southern Lebanon run with the Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army. When these demands werent met, hostage Robert Dean Stethem, a Navy diver, was shot and the body dumped about the airport tarmac. sources implicated Hezbollah.
In that which was widely considered an implicit, never explicit, quid pro quo, the hostages started being released through the hijackers, followed some days after by Israel beginning free a few of its many Shiite prisoners. At the time, officials denied there was clearly a deal and said Israel had already invested in releasing the prisoners.
Imad Mughniyah, a senior officer with Hezbollah, was secretly indicted for your TWA hijacking in 1987, together with three others. One of these indicted, Mohammed Ali Hamadei, was arrested in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1989 he was convicted within a German court and sentenced your in prison. Editors Note: Imad Mugniyah remained in particular and for the FBIs Most Wanted List for 19 years, until he was killed inside a car bombing in Damascus, Syria on Feb. 12, 2008.
Hijacking of cruise liner Achille Lauro;
Bombing of Rome, Vienna airports
On Oct. 7, 1985, from the coast of Egypt, four gunmen hijacked the Italian luxury crusie ship Achille Lauro and demanded the discharge of Palestinian prisoners in Egypt, Italy, and elsewhere. When the demands werent met, they killed Leon Klinghoffer, a 69-year-old disabled American tourist. Investigators blamed the Palestine Liberation Front, which some regarded as allied with Yasser Arafats Palestinian Liberation Organization. Later, officials could actually link Libya on the PLF as well as the hijacking.
After the hijackers escaped the Achille Lauro and left Egypt by air, Navy fighters intercepted their plane and forced it down in Italy. The four hijackers were apprehended, along with 1986, these were found guilty in a Italian court. Two on the hijackers escaped from prison. One, Magid al-Molgi, who confessed to killing Mr. Klinghoffer, was caught and returned to prison. The man recognized as the mastermind in the hijacking, Abu Abbas, was already released by Italy despite Washingtons pleas he be held for trial.
Then on Dec. 17, 1985, airports in Rome and Vienna were bombed, killing 20 people, five of whom were Americans. This time, officials said these people were able to link Libya on the bombing attacks. In January, officials made a decision to send the Navy and its particular warplanes to patrol the Gulf of Sidra - - in territorial waters claimed by Libya - - in a effort to provoke Qaddafi. The White House warned Qaddafi that any Libyan forces more 12 miles from shore were be subject to attack. The as well as other nations used a global standard, set for just 12 miles from Libyas coast, to mark the countrys territorial waters; Qaddafi declared that Libyas territorial waters extended over 100 miles on the coastline. At this point, the face-off between and Libya escalated.
An American soldier was killed any time a bomb was detonated at La Belle, a discotheque in West Berlin known to get popular with off-duty servicemen. A Turkish woman was killed, and nearly 200 others were wounded. intelligence sources identified Libya for being responsible to the attack. For more around the evidence pointing to Libya, see interviews with Paul Bremer, Caspar Weinberger, and Robert Oakley. In Berlin, five individuals were tried for carrying out your bombing from the discotheque. In November 2001, four on the defendants were convicted and sentenced, whilst the fifth was acquitted. The court found only Verena Chanaa doing murder; she was sentenced to 14 years. Prosecutors said Chanaa, a 42-year-old German national, brought the bomb to the disco in a very handbag. Three other defendants were all found guilty of multiple counts of attempted murder. Yasir Shraydi, a Palestinian who had been said to get assembled the bomb, was sentenced to 14 years, while Musbah Eter, a Libyan diplomat, and Vere
After intelligence intercepted Libyan government communications implicating Libya inside La Belle disco attack, President Reagan ordered retaliatory air strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi. The operation on April 15, 1986, dubbed Operation El Dorado Canyon, involved 200 aircraft well as over 60 a great deal of bombs. One from the residences of Libyan leader Muammar el-Qadaffi was hit within the attack, which, based on Libyan estimates, killed 37 people and injured 93 others. As a result of this American operation, national security officials say Libyan-sponsored terrorism ceased for years. See interviews with Robert Oakley and Bremer.
Two days as soon as the retaliatory attack, the groups of three American University of Beirut employees - - American Peter Kilburn and Britons John Douglas and Philip Padfield - - put together near Beirut shot to death. The Arab Revolutionary Cells, a pro-Libyan band of Palestinians connected to terrorist Abu Nidal, claimed to possess executed several men in retaliation for Operation El Dorado Canyon.
Pan Am Flight 103 from London to New York exploded within the small area of Lockerbie, Scotland. All 259 people agreeable were killed, as well as 11 within the ground. According for the State Departments Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1991, released in April 1992, the bombing of Pan Am 103 was an action authorized because of the Libyan Government. Though there was clearly reports that Syria and Iran also played significant roles inside attack, officials were never capable of tie both the countries towards the bombing. No one has ever taken credit for planting the bomb.
In May 2000 the trial on the two Libyan intelligence officers convicted of planting the bomb started inside Netherlands. It resulted in February 2001 while using conviction of defendant Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi; he received your life sentence. The other defendant, Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah, was acquitted as well as set free.
1 After the shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, was dethroned throughout the Islamic revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini, he traveled on the for treatment of lymphatic cancer. Fearing the shahs visit to your indicated that Washington was plotting to regenerate the monarchy, some 80 Iranian students staged a sit-in for the American embassy, the spot that the hostages were subsequently seized.
photo copyright reuters newmedia inc./corbis
Reagan administration officials said the attack was performed by Hezbollah operatives, a Lebanese militant Islamic group whose sentiments were sparked partially by the revolution in Iran. The Hezbollah operatives who accomplished the attack within the embassy reportedly were receiving financial and logistical support from both Iran and Syria. For more regarding how and why Iran and Syria were assisting to direct attacks around the, see FRONTLINE s interviews with Robert Oakley and Robert C. McFarlane.
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